This literature survey of chatbot applications and conversational agent architectures was published in May 2020, two years before ChatGPT.

  • Architectures covered: rule-based trees, retrieval models and early generative dialogue systems.
  • Each architecture is mapped to where it was being deployed.
  • The bottlenecks it names are contextual memory and what a system does when it does not understand.
  • Read it on Academia.edu